Caribbean History

Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder Free Essays

In the sass’s so many terms were being thrown around trying to explain what Schizophrenia was. It took till the early sass’s for a man named Emil Kremlin to truly â€Å"discover† what the disease was and bring together the earlier descriptions (Berries, Lulus, Joss, 2003). . We will write a custom essay sample on Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder or any similar topic only for you Order Now He decided to call it â€Å"dementia praecox† which meant dementia paranoids. It was partially taken from latten version off man names Morel (Berries, Lulus, Joss, 2003). Kremlin was able to make the discovery cause he biased it on empirical observation through observing and recording thousands of case histories, then by following up with his patients. He was able to fugue out the dementia praecox and manic depressive insanity were able to be separated by symptom, course, and outcome (Berries, Lulus, Joss, 2003). Schizophrenia is still one of the most mysterious and costliest mental disorders in terms of human suffering and societal expenditure (van So, 2009). In the earlier history of Schizophrenia treated through cryosurgery. Cryosurgery is the treatment Offs psychiatric disease through neurological treatments. While is has a controversial history it was widely used in the early to mid 19th century. One of the first accounts happened in the mid 18th century when a man named Phonies Gage was hurt at work. A tamping iron was shot through the frontal lobe while working (Creighton, 2001). While most would think this would kill a person, he gained consciousness soon after the accident. Gage went from being an intelligent well- liked man to being an angry and hostile shut in. This left the psychology field on its toes. They realized there was a disruption in his frontal lobe that affected his rationality, and that this could be duplicated in hopes of helping others. The frontal leucotomy was proposed as a potential treatment for schizophrenia because, by creating lesions in the frontal cortex, abnormal activity, presumably originating in this region, would be prevented from spreading to other areas of the brain, which could worsen the symptoms of the disease (Mathews, Wellington, Dead, Robinson, Luck, Jose, Erich, 2013). During the sass’s a procedure was developed called the closed lobotomy, however by the sass’s these practices were stopped because the surgeries caused extensive brain injuries and the pressure of the public. Schizophrenia was one of the conditions for which these treatments were used (Mathews, 2013). Then the use of antispasmodic came into effect and these practices were no longer needed. Like many other neuropsychiatry disorders, there is a typical onset age of late adolescence and early adulthood. The thinking is that this could be a critical period in brain development, which would make the person vulnerable to the onset of psychopathology. While the incidence of schizophrenia varies across environments and different migrant groups, symptoms, course, and treatment response do so as well. Genetic vulnerability is shares in part with bipolar disorder and recent molecular genetics findings indicated an overlap with developmental disorder such as autism. Doctors are using nonrecurring studies to focus on this age range, which will in turn provide helpful insight into the actual insight of the disease (Goat, Was, Taste, Wood, Panatelas, 2011) There has been evidence that patients suffering from schizophrenia end up experiencing more life events when healthy individuals. These life events could be because of the patients behavior, or totally environmental (Farrago, 2008). When looked at these events could be because of the presence of psychiatric condition. However, the quality of interaction between patient and family affects the patients relapse rate (Farrago, 2008). While a positive and loving attitude towards the patient may be productive, it is sometimes hard for a family to respond well to the illness. If the person suffers from paranoid schizophrenia then they will lash out at the family and have hallucinations involving the family. This makes it hard for the family to handle. Also, when the patient goes off meds these things get worse. There is so much stigma surrounding schizophrenia. Will the person hurt me? When are they going to go crazy? Can I catch it? Even to the point that there is a lower priority of mental health services and care received. At times there is a hard time getting good quality of staff to work in these services. Then there is the issue of finding proper housing for people who suffer from this disease, not to mention the social isolation patients feel. There is a long history of intolerance towards mental abnormality. As well as the reaction, others have towards it. This has only progressively gotten worse over the past two centuries. However this is only part of he story, mental illness has also been linked to discrimination as well. While schizophrenia affects about 1% of the world’s population, the cause is still unknown (Nines, 2010). The easiest way to combat the fear is with education. Teaching people as well as families how to handle a patient, and that they often have more lucid moments then not. Bipolar Disorder The ancient Greeks and Romans were responsible for the terms â€Å"mania† and â€Å"melancholia,† which are not the modern day manic and depressive. They discovered that using lithium salts in there baths calmed manic patients and lifted there sprits Cranks, 2012). Today, lithium is a common treatment for bipolar patients. While it is thought that many people were executed because they had a mental illness, being that religious people believed that these people were possessed by demons and should therefore be put to death (Cranks, 2012). Bipolar is most often diagnosed in young patients showing first major depressive episodes. In these cases, diagnosis normally only based on psychiatric history taken, not on the patient’s current state (Holman, Goth, WГ ¶keel, Postal, BГ ¶let, 2008). These patients also suffer with hypotonic episodes. Hypotonic episodes are characterized by a distinct period of persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable mood, lasting throughout at least 4 days and present for most of the day nearly every day. These Patients are normally diagnosed with Bipolar II (Psych Central Staff, 2013). While Bipolar, or manic- depressive disorder is a frequent, sever, mostly recurrent mood disorder it is also associated with great morbidity. The lifetime prevalence of bipolar disorder is 1. 3 to 1. 6% (Mueller-Airlessness, Forgoer, Bauer, 2002). The death rate of bipolar is two to three times higher than that of the general population. On average about 10-20% of individuals suffering from Bipolar disorder will take their own lives, with one third of patients saying they have attempted it (Mueller-Airlessness, Forgoer, Bauer, 2002). Bipolar is not a sexist disease, it does not discriminate. Except for the diagnosis of rapid-cycling, while being the most sever variant of the disease, it is more common in women (Mueller-Airlessness, Forgoer, Bauer, 2002). The peak age of onset falls between age 15 and 24 years, although there is often a 5-10- year interval before treatment is finally sought. Living with a person who has Bipolar disorder involves learning how to deal with the disruptions that their symptoms can cause, supporting that person through their recovery, and finding ways to cope with the effects on the family (Heretofore, 2013). Bipolar can really cause a strain on a family, depending on well managed the illness is (Heretofore, 2013). When the patient’s mood swings are mild, the family may experience some distress, but over time and with proper education about the illness, they can learn to manage. According to the National Institute of Mental Health, more than 5 million Americans eave bipolar disorder (Dickinson, 2007). The illness, which affects not only your own personal health and well-being but also your relationships with friends and family, can respond well to treatment (Dickinson, 2007). Stigma is debilitating for mental illnesses for any disease across the board. While the patient is struggling with the symptoms and disabilities that result from the disease, they are challenged with the stereotypes and prejudices that result from the misconceptions about mental illness (Shame, Chairmanship, Vivian, Woolworth, 2013). These people face challenges tit everyday life, Jobs, housing, health care, as well as dealing with people. Even the people that are family or caregivers have reported being stigmatize, 43 to 92% (Shame, Germans’, Vivian, Woolworth, 2013). Article Journals Summaries Facial expressions of emotions and schizophrenia: A review. Schizophrenia Bulletin This Journal explains how three studies were performed on patients with Schizophrenia. They were interested to see how patients showed a reduced ability to perceive and express facial emotions. They looked at decoding studies and their ability to perceive universally recognized facial expressions. It was found that while Schizophrenics have a harder time displaying positive facial expressions, they were able to show negative feels, such as fear. Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders in Persons Exposed to Ionizing Radiation as a Result of the Coherency Accident This study was performed on 100 workers of the Coherency EX how had worked as â€Å"Liquidators-volunteers† for 5 or more hearsay’s and 1987. This was brought about because in 1990 there was a spike in the amount of patients being diagnosed with Schizophrenia. This was compared against the general population. The thought was hat ionizing radiation may be working as an environmental trigger and causing a predisposition to schizophrenia, or cause schizophrenia-like disorders. The study says that a person exposed to 0. 30 SF or more are at a higher risk of schizophrenia spectrum disorders. A Prospective Cohort Study of Genetic and Perennial Influences in the Etiology of Schizophrenia This study was preformed to figure out whether or not fetal hypoxia and other obstetric complications are related to the risk of adults developing Schizophrenia, also to see if whether each case is specific to early onset. They used 72 patients diagnosed with schizophrenia, 63 of their siblings not diagnosed, and 7,941 non-psychiatric controls. They used longitudinal based study. They were able to find that there was an increased risk with patients that had suffered hypoxia during birth. However, there was no relationship between low birth weight and other obstetric complications. Burden of Caregivers of Patients with Bipolar Affective Disorders This study was conducted on 32 problem-oriented interviews with caregivers of patients with bipolar affective disorders, they were analyzed using content analysis. The 722 statements even about the burdens that these caregivers had were summarized into 49 global statements. The caregivers discussed how they felt helplessness when dealing with the ever-changing depressive and manic symptoms of the ill family member they were caring for. Also how they felt they suffered great burden. The findings of this study highlight that an appreciation of caregivers’ own consternation and information about how best to handle the (uncooperative) behavior of the patient should be taken into account in psycho educational groups as well as in the daily work routine of professionals. Are Working Memory Deficits in Bipolar Disorder Markers for Psychosis Doctors have found that many people suffering with bipolar disorder have been identified as having working memory deficits, however, there has been evidence that has linked this problem as being a marker for psychosis rather than affective disorder. When doing the study they looked at two groups with board, one with psychotic features, one without. With this study they were able to conclude that while some aspects of working memory performance are markers for psychosis, others were more general markers for bipolar disorders. Negative Life Events and Time to Recovery from Episodes of Bipolar Disorder While it is known that negative life events have been shown to cause relapse in patients with bipolar disorder, these doctors were looking at how severe negative life events effect the recovery time of someone with bipolar disorder. They recruited 67 individuals with bipolar disorder during hospitalizing and conducted monthly assessments for at least one year. They were able to find that patients with severe negative life effects took three times longer to recover then patients without negative life situations. Which leads us to live that psychological environment may play a much bigger role in the course of bipolar disorders then previous suggested. How to cite Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder, Papers

Microeconomics for Homogenous or Differentiated- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theMicroeconomics for Homogenous or Differentiated Product. Answer: Oligopoly market is a form of imperfectly competitive market, where only a few sellers engage in selling either homogenous or differentiated product. The structure of oligopoly market lies between pure monopoly and that of monopolistic competition. When sellers in the oligopoly market are sell homogenous product then it is called pure oligopoly (Baumol Blinder, 2015). A differentiated oligopoly is one where firms sell differentiated product. The other forms of oligopoly market include collaborating oligopoly and competing oligopoly. In the oligopoly market, before choosing decision regarding own price and output firms have the opportunity to establish pairwise collaborative links with opposition firm. The collaboration is formed with the objective of reducing production cost. The various collaborative links together form a collaboration network. The firms collaborate with other firms in order to share information regarding market condition, new technology as well as to bear the joint cost of production (Kolmar, 2017). Collaboration between firms generally strengthen the competitive position of collaborating firms. The interim collaboration thus have an important effect on function of firms in the market. In a collaborative oligopoly, when some firms have lot of links while others have a relatively few links then this forms asymmetric collaboration. Another feature of collaboration is intransitive relation. There might be a link between firm A and B, and B and C but no link between A and C. In contrast to a collaborating oligopoly, in a competing oligopoly each firms compete with their rival firms. The most common form of competition is the price competition among the rival firms. One striking feature of competing oligopoly is that the market demand is not described by the conventional demand curve (McKenzie Lee, 2016). The price rigidity in this form of market is captured by the kinked demand curve. The demand curve is kink shaped because of the asymmetric behavior pattern of different sellers. When one firm increases price then other will not follow the same as higher price leads to a reduction in market price. Every unit price increase is thus goes unnoticed by the rival sellers. The same does not hold for price decrease. When one firm reduces price, others follow the same strategy to increase its market price. This triggers a price war among rivals. If price in the oligopoly market is completely rigid, then firms do not have incentive to change its price. Firms then concentrate on non-price competition. The non-price competition occurs when firm aims to maximize its sales and revenue with strategy other than reducing price (Moulin, 2014). An alternative strategy of price competition is to spend money of advertising. By spending on advertisements firms seek to update profile of their products and increase brand loyalty. This will then help to enhance sales of the firm. Advertising plays a key role in oligopolies like cars and soft drinks. Firm can alternatively introduce a loyalty card to its customers to provide a greater assurance to the buyers. Firms in the oligopoly market can differentiate their product from its rival to increase their revenue and sales. The various ways to differentiate product include improvement in product or service quality, add some extra features to its product and other. The antitrust system has always faced problem with oligopolistic market structure. The difficulties lies in the inherent structure of the market. In real world, the oligopoly market is more common than pure monopoly. Here, a few large firms dominate the industry with perfect legitimacy. A successful business that is running profitable business operation continues to grow overtime and expand its size (Cowen Tabarrok, 2015). The oligopolistic sellers always seeks opportunities for anti-competitive business. Consider for example if few large firms dominate the copper industry then their independent strategy determines the price of copper in the industry. Now, if the firms decide to collude and takes joint decision of setting a high price with supplying a relatively small industry output then this violates the Sherman Antitrust act. The earned profit is then divided by the firms in collusion each earning significantly higher profit margin. By forming cartel or any other form of collisio n thus these firms eliminate market competition, which is illegal (Carlton Perloff, 2015). The implementation of antitrust laws thus become necessary in the oligopoly market to prevent such collision and anti-competitive behavior. Oligopoly market is characterized by dominance of few large firms. Depending on the nature of product oligopoly market is of two types- pure oligopoly and differentiated oligopoly. In collaborative oligopoly two or more firms build a collaborative link to strengthen their position in the market. Both price and non-price competition occur in the oligopoly market. The price competition often triggers a price war in the market. Lastly, firms in the oligopoly market has a tendency to violate antitrust law by forming cartel or collision. References Baumol, W. J., Blinder, A. S. (2015).Microeconomics: Principles and policy. Cengage Learning. Kolmar, M. (2017). Firm Behavior in Oligopolistic Markets. InPrinciples of Microeconomics(pp. 281-300). Springer, Cham. McKenzie, R. B., Lee, D. R. (2016).Microeconomics for MBAs. Cambridge University Press. Moulin, H. (2014).Cooperative microeconomics: a game-theoretic introduction. Princeton University Press. Cowen, T., Tabarrok, A. (2015).Modern Principles of Microeconomics. Palgrave Macmillan. Carlton, D. W., Perloff, J. M. (2015).Modern industrial organization. Pearson Higher Ed.

Spanish Period free essay sample

Before the Spanish came into the Philippines, the religions were Hinduism, Buddhism and Paganism. The Christian Doctrine was the main religion brought in by the Spaniards. The Philippines had a very diverse collection of languages, but the Spanish language was mixed into them. European legends and traditions were also mixed in to our own. Ancient literature was collected and translated into the different dialects in the Philippines. Their grammar books were also translated in the Philippine language. Most of the periodicals during this time had a religious feel or bias to them. The first book in the Bicol language and written by Fr. Marcos Lisbon in 1754. Folk songs have been widespread in the Philippines. Every region had their own national song. Folk songs truly manifest the artistic feelings of the Filipinos. They show the Filipinos’ innate appreciation for and love of beauty. Recreational plays were performed by the Filipinos during that time. We will write a custom essay sample on Spanish Period or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Tibag – This ritual was about the search for the cross of Jesus Christ at St. Helena Lagaylay A celebration in Canaman, Camarines Sur to honor the Sta. Cruz tradition. Women dance on the streets while chanting prayers to find the real cross The Cenaculo – Was the dramatization of the passion and death of  Jesus Christ. Panunuluyan –   it dramatizes  Josephs and  Marys search for  Bethlehem. The Salubong (or Panubong) The Salubong is an Easter play that dramatizes the meeting of the Risen Christ and his Mother. Carillo (Shadow Play) – this is a form of dramatic entertainment performed on a moonless night during a town fiesta or on dark nights after a harvest. This shadow play is made by projecting cardboard figures before a lamp against a white sheet. The Zarzuela – considered the father of the drama; it is a musical comedy or melodrama three acts which dealt with man’s passions and emotions like love, hate, revenge, cruelty, avarice or some social or political proble. The Sainete – is a Spanish comic opera piece, with music. It was often placed at the end of entertainments, or between other types of performance, and used scenes of low life. The Moro-Moro dance is the earliest form of theater performing in the Philippines, starting in 1650. It is part of their cultural routine when entertaining their visitors. The dance is a play based off of two poems, the awit and the corrido, that spread across the Philippines around 1610. It usually shows the struggles between Christians and non-Christians. The Moro-Moro dance expresses the loves, deeds and different adventures of the kings, queens, princes, princesses and dukes. It also shows different creatures, such as lions, tigers, bears, snakes, dragons, angels, saints, devils and giants. The Moro-Moro is a very long play; the show can go on for five to six hours a night for three nights in a row. The longest play known lasted for 12 days. The Karagatan comes from the legendary practice of testing the mettle of young men vying for a maidens hand. The maidens ring would be dropped into sea and whoever retrieves it would have the girls hand in marriage. The Duplo   is a performance that consisted of two teams; One composed of young women called  Dupleras  or  Belyakas; and the other, of young men called  Dupleros  or  Belyakos. The Balagtasan is a poetic joust or a contest of skills in debate on a particular topic or issue. This is replaced the DUPLO and is held to honor Francisco â€Å"Balagtas† Baltazar. Dung-aw were Iloko literature by way of folk songs, riddles, proverbs, lamentations. During the Spanish period, it was known to be a chant to express his emotions towards life, sufferings and sacrifices of the dead and includes apologies for his misdeeds. Corridos  were widely read during the Spanish period that filled the populaces need for entertainment as well as edifying reading matter in their leisure moments. Awit, like corridos, these were also widely read during the Spanish period as entertaining, edifying, reading manner in their leisure time.

Study of shore crab response to intertidal stimuli essays

Study of shore crab response to intertidal stimuli essays Since its itroduction to the New Jersey shore in 1988, the western Pacific shore crab Hemigrapsus sanguineus has spread to inhabit rocky intertidal locations along the Atlantic coast from Massachusetts to North Carolina (McDermott 1998). Many reasons have been proposed to explain the rapid spread of this non-indiginous species. For example, it has been shown that H. sanguineus has longer spawning periods along the mid-Atlantic coast than it does in its natural habitat in the western Pacific Ocean, due to a more favorable climate (Epifanio et al 1998). For this reason, these crabs are able to spawn more times per season than indigenous crabs, providing one possible hypothesis For this species to expand its range along the Atlantic coast, it will need to have wide tolerances to temperature and salinity. In 1998 Epifanio found that The purpose of this study is to show the tolerance and behavioral responses of H. sanguineus to varying water and air temperatures, and water salinity concentrations. It is believed that these crabs will be very tolerant to the various extreme conditions that they will be put through. It is the ability of these crabs to survive in these unfavorable situations that is key to their success. This experiment was also designed to prove the hypothesis that the tolerance of H. sanguineus to various environmental factors increases In February 2000, a field trip was taken to Crane Neck Point to collect live specimens for the experiment. The field trip was conducted at low tide. The water temperature was approximately 3 degrees Celcius, with the air temperature slightly above freezing (0-1 degree Celcius). Live crabs were obtained by overturning rocks in the intertidal zone. Hemigrapsus sanguineus was found at all levels of the intertidal zone, although their numbers increased as one moved toward the waterline. The crabs were collected wi...

Angelica Kauffmann PowerPoint Presentation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Angelica Kauffmann - PowerPoint Presentation Example According to Sortais (1910): Angelica showed a great aptitude for music and singing, and some of her fathers friends strongly urged her to give up painting, but in vain. This episode in her life she has represented in a picture, showing herself, between Painting and Music, bidding farewell to Music. There was no question it was in painting that she showed much progress. And before she even completed her twelfth year, she had become a notability, with bishops and nobles for her sitters. The bishop of Milan summoned her to paint his portrait. Due to her immense talent and personal charms, Francis the III of Este, Duke of Modena and Governor of Milan, declared himself her protector. Also, Cardinal Roth invited her to Constance and commissioned her to paint his portrait (Sortais 1910). Kauffman lost her father in 1782; and in 1795, her husband. These blows to her personal life did not deter her to continue with her passion in painting and continued at intervals to contribute to the Royal Academy of Painting and Sculpture, the academy’s purpose of which is to professionalize the artists working for the French court and give them a stamp of approval, her last exhibit being in 1797. She has produced a few of her works after this time. On a fateful day, November 5, 1807, she died in Rome. She was honored by a wonderful funeral under the direction of Canova, an Italian sculptor who became famous for his marble sculptures. Numerous prominent personalities were in attendance during her funeral procession, following her to her tomb, including the entire Academy of St. Luke, several ecclesiastics and virtuosi, with two of her pictures carried in procession. Kauffman was an advocate of neo-classicism in her works. What neo-classicism depends on most fundamentally is a consensus about a body of work that has achieved canonic status, or that which asserts a compendium of the greatest works of artistic merit

Women Of Color Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Women Of Color - Essay Example No sacrifice was complete without women participating in it. They enjoyed rights equal to men, with full liberty to receive education and prepare themselves in their own manner, to face the arduous battle of life. They had full voice in the settlement of matrimonial relations. Many nations affirm the principle of gender equality. As women continue to advance in most walks of life, the impression that equality has been reached and that gender issues no longer pose real problems has naturally gained ground. Yet, many cultural, economic and social barriers remain. Although as many women as men possess the skills necessary to shape social and economic development, women are still prevented from fully participating in decision-making processes. Today the role of men and women in our society is both collaborative and supplementary. During the last five decades women have entered in increasing numbers into salaried and remunerative occupations as well as professions, which were previously the exclusive preserve of men. Today the difference that while women in former days worked along with men in the fields, now they work in factories or offices. The myth of male superiority is only a distortion that came in the wake of growing male domination. It is a paradox th at there should be an increase in crimes against women, especially in the face of spectacular strides being made by them in various walks of life. Emancipation of women has occupied an important place in the scheme for social reforms undertaken in developing countries of Asia and Africa, in the later half on the 19th century. Violence against women remains pervasive worldwide a major health and human rights concern. Women can experience physical or mental abuse throughout their lifecycle, in infancy, childhood and/or adolescence, or during adulthood or older age. It is the most atrocious manifestation of the systemic discrimination and inequality women continue to face, in law and in their everyday lives, around the world. It occurs in every region, country, and culture, regardless of income, class, race or ethnicity. Violence against women in developing countries have becoming mere frequent and is alarmingly on the increase. Today in almost every stratum of our social life, women are treated as inferior creatures. Almost all countries go about shouting about constitutional equality between man and women, but have yet to go long way before women find an equally safe and honorable place in society. The newspaper daily read and hears about ladies living in busy localities being murdered in broad daylight. It is so because they have some yellow metal on them. Rape is not the only motive force behind the crimes against women. A woman, by her very constitution, is vulnerable. In poor countries Young girls are deceived on promises of a decent job or marriage. Once a girl has fallen, she is blackmailed into a life of vice. To get a feel of the widespread evil of crime against women, only requirement is to know the experiences of working girls from the moment they leave their home up to the time of their return. At all times they are