State Of Blacks During Jim Crow Era Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Province Of Blacks During Jim Crow Era - Essay Example The term â€Å"Jim Crow† throughout the entire existence of America is frequently related with the inflexible isolation or prohibition of Blacks. The word ‘Jim Crow’ really alluded to dark character in an old melody. The period 1881 to 1964 denoted the time of Jim Crow in the American history. Jim Crow period reflects Jim Crow laws isolating dark from white races in America. Since its origin, the term Jim Crow saw broad utilization as a direction to practices, laws or foundation that climb from physical partition of individuals of color from white individuals. The significant reason for Jim Crow laws was to isolate dark from white races as a measure to advance equivalent treatment (Tischauser 1-3). Jim Crow laws fused various acts of isolation. Jim Crow laws were basically planned for elevating equivalent treatment to Black African American individuals yet the laws were scrutinized on a few grounds. As an outcome of Jim Crow laws, Blacks were exposed to isolation in courts and graveyards, on trains and in sanatoriums among others. They were banished from open and private organizations, for example, eateries, parks, libraries, open pools and lodgings. Jim Crow isolation influenced practically all parts of Blacks. For example, numerous courts during Jim Crow time followed explicit Jim Crow books of scriptures for Black individuals and shifted fundamentally from one utilized for white individuals. During Jim Crow period, Blacks were faced with embarrassment and dehumanizing rehearses.

Describe the basis of the Gram stain free essay sample

Presentation Gram recoloring is a strategy established by Christian Jacobs Hans Gram in 1883 in Germany. The Gram stain is a strategy contrived to classify most microscopic organisms into two sub-classifications; gram positive and gram negative, in light of the properties of the cell divider. We will compose a custom paper test on Portray the premise of the Gram stain or on the other hand any comparable subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Cell divider The cell wall’s attributes decide Gram recoloring. Gram negative microorganisms contain a lopsided bilayer, where the external layer comprises of lipopolysaccharide which goes about as a porousness obstruction and forestalls the passage of the Gram stain in the periplasm. The peptidoglycan layer inside the periplasm is thick though the cell mass of gram positive microscopic organisms has a meager layer of peptidoglycan. [1] Strategy for Gram recoloring So as to play out the Gram stain, an essential and auxiliary stain is required, notwithstanding a severe, decolouriser and water. To start the procedure, a smear is heat-fixed by being gone through a Bunsen burner a few times. Next, the essential stain, which is normally precious stone violet, is applied to the slide for roughly a moment so as to permit the color to tie to the cell divider. The unbound stain is then evacuated by washing the slide with water. At that point, the stringent, which is generally Gram’s iodine, is included to the slide which permits the gem violet to be fixed to the phone divider by the arrangement of violet-iodine gem buildings. The example is left for one moment and afterward is washed again with water. The slide is then decolourised with a liquor substance, for the most part at a thirty degree plot for between three to five seconds and is then washed away. The decolourising procedure is significant as the essential stain is expelled from the Gram negative microorganisms because of the cell wall’s external lipid layer dissolving. This makes the violet-iodine spill and subsequently the example will become decolourised. Be that as it may, if the life form is gram-positive, the slide will recolor a dull purple as the cell divider will permit the stain to be held. Be that as it may, if the decolouriser is left on for a really long time, the essential stain might be expelled from a gram-positive living being and in this manner the creature might be wronglyâ identified as being gram negative. The last strategy of the gram stain is the utilization of the auxiliary stain, also called the counter stain, typically safranin. The decolouriser is washed off with water and afterward is suffocated in safranin which doesn't influence the gram-positive life form however aims the gram-negative cells to increase a red stain. [1] [2] [3] [4] End All in all, it is obvious that the most significant part of the Gram stain is the maintenance of the essential stain as this can at first decide if the microscopic organisms is gram-positive or gram-negative during the decolourisation procedure. Be that as it may, a significant factor to be viewed as when Gram recoloring is that not all microscopic organisms can or are important to be named Gram positive or Gram negative. [2]

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Ansel Adams Photographer and Artist Essay example

Ansel Adams photographer and artist Until the 19th century most artwork was created in a two or three-dimensional media. In England, William Fox discovered a technique that allowed camera images to be captured on paper. This medium has evolved since Foxs discovery in 1839 to a serious and viable form of art today. Photography allows the artist to capture what he sees. The image produced is reality to the artists eye, it can only be manipulated with light and angles. The photograph is a very powerful medium. The French painter Paul Delaroche exclaimed upon seeing an early photograph from now on, painting is dead! (Sayre, 2000). Many critics did not take photography seriously as a legitimate art form until the 20th century. With†¦show more content†¦Adams decision to be a full time photographer changed the photographic visions of the west. He spent his time in National parks photographing the immense beauty of nature in these national treasures. Adams formed a group with other San Francisco photographers in 1932 called f/64, referring to the smallest aperture opening on a camera lens (Gray, 1994). The group concentrated on form and texture. The group translated scale and detail into organic, sometimes abstract design (Jacobs, 1995). In 1935, Adams published his first book, Making a Photograph. Six years later, his Zone System was formulated. The Zone System introduced a way for the professional and amateur photographers to determine and control the exposure and development of prints for maximum visual acuity (Jacobs, 1995). The Zone System marked his first efforts at public education on photography. Adams felt a sense of duty to share his knowledge of nature and photography. Â…[Adams] was master teacher as well as a master photographer (Schaefer, 1992). He wrote many books and taught students his art. Adams technical ability in the darkroom was magical. He set the standard for black and white printing. His discriminating taste and meticulously produced prints continue to amaze current generations twenty-five years after his death. Adams was an experimenter and a modernist with his camera. AdamsShow MoreRelatedEssay about ansel adams1072 Words   |  5 Pages Ansel Adams photographer and artist Until the 19th century most artwork was created in a two or three-dimensional media. In England, William Fox discovered a technique that allowed camera images to be captured on paper. This medium has evolved since Fox’s discovery in 1839 to a serious and viable form of art today. Photography allows the artist to capture what he sees. The image produced is reality to the artists eye, it can only be manipulated with light and angles. The photograph is a very powerfulRead MoreThe National Park : Yosemite Valley1634 Words   |  7 PagesValley and surrounding area that Ansel Adams started to recognize his passion for photography in the 1920s and more importantly his passion for conservation. Ansel Adams used his photography to capture striking images of landscape in order for tourist to see how important it was to preserve the land as it was found. Adams love for photography is a curious combination of the interest of both his parents, Charles Hitchcock Adams and Olive Bray Adams. Charles Adams started to study astronomy at theRead MoreTalent Not Left Undiscovered : A Great Impact On The Preservation And Conservation Of Nature1243 Words   |  5 Pagesnever find out what it is. Luckily, Ansel Adams wasn’t one of those people. A natural photographer, Adams is most known for his breathtaking landscapes, both in black and white and in color, and his great impact on the preservation and conservation of nature in the United States. Born in San Francisco, California, Adams‘s first real experience with photography took place in 1916 in Yosemite National Park, where his parents took him on vacation (â€Å"Ansel Adams†). He hiked all over the park and fellRead MoreAnsel Adams : The Most Important Landscape Photographer Of The Twentieth Century1779 Words   |  8 PagesAnsel Adams was born in 1902 in San Francisco, California. He is considered the most important landscape photographer of the twentieth century. His artwork has increased in popularity ever since his death. Adams devoted his work to the country’s untouched fragments of wilderness, such as national parks and other protected areas in the American west. Adams was also very involved in the conservation movement. In 1906, an aftershock from one of the largest earthquakes to ever hit San Francisco AnselRead MoreAnalysis Of Ansel Adams And John Davies821 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction: Ansel adams and John Davies are both very famous and well known landscape photographers who have very conceptual ideas and techniques in their photography. they are both known for their brilliant black and white landscape photography. Both of the photographers are concerned with questions about our collective responsibility in shaping the environments we live in, which reflects in their work. Although they have similar thoughts and ideas, How do they both create a unique style and maintainRead MoreThe Impact of Ansel Adams - Paper2219 Words   |  9 PagesThe Impact of Ansel Adams The evolution of photography, from the very beginning to the modern technology we have today, is largely due to a few select specialists that took the matter into their own hands. Many discoveries were made about photography during the late 1800’s and into the 1900’s, but none greater than the discoveries of Ansel Adams. Ansel Adams made a huge impact on photography because of his technological advances, environmental work, and how he won the hearts of many with hisRead MorePhotography Is The Human Experience1212 Words   |  5 Pagesat the impact certain photographers had on society and culture it is impossible to ignore what Alfred Stieglitz did for the art of photography. Author Whelan Richard put it this way, â€Å"Alfred Stieglitz is perhaps the most important figure in the history of visual arts in America. That is certainly not to say that he was the greatest artist America has ever produced. Rather, through his many roles as a photographer, as a discoverer and promoter of photographers, and of artists in other media, and asRead MoreThe Impact Of Ansel Adams On The Conservation Movement4007 Words   |  17 Pages Assess the impact of Ansel Adams as an influential figure in the conservation movement Intro America’s National Parks are deeply indebted to the American photographer Ansel Adams. Through his masterful photography, he turned Yosemite National Park into an American icon. Ansel spent the majority of his life fighting for the National Parks through intense political activism. He was a key figure in conservation in the United States, beginning in a time when environmental conservation was a rare conceptRead MoreThe Thought Of Truth And Landscape Photography1833 Words   |  8 Pagessingle image. The story that the image may represent may be distorted by the background, education, norms and morals of the viewer. Each person will view an image differently. It is up to the photographer to show how clear a photograph can be. The second presentation is what the image shows literally. The photographer can edit the image after taking the photograph, showing something that is abstract and completely different to the original frame. Andy Mumford has said that, ‘Photography is not aboutRead MoreAnsel Adams s Influence On The Performance Of A Musical Score1359 Words   |  6 PagesAnsel Adams was born February 1902 and died in April 1984. His life began in San Francisco, California. Growing up Adams was quite creative, such as teaching himself the piano, according to Lamar (1998, p.3), â€Å"Adams became a serious pianist as a child. Later, he would argue for the connections between music and photography, calling attention to the importance of tonal gradations and likening the printing of a negative to the performance of a musical score†. In 1916 his passion for photography began

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Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder Free Essays

In the sass’s so many terms were being thrown around trying to explain what Schizophrenia was. It took till the early sass’s for a man named Emil Kremlin to truly â€Å"discover† what the disease was and bring together the earlier descriptions (Berries, Lulus, Joss, 2003). . We will write a custom essay sample on Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder or any similar topic only for you Order Now He decided to call it â€Å"dementia praecox† which meant dementia paranoids. It was partially taken from latten version off man names Morel (Berries, Lulus, Joss, 2003). Kremlin was able to make the discovery cause he biased it on empirical observation through observing and recording thousands of case histories, then by following up with his patients. He was able to fugue out the dementia praecox and manic depressive insanity were able to be separated by symptom, course, and outcome (Berries, Lulus, Joss, 2003). Schizophrenia is still one of the most mysterious and costliest mental disorders in terms of human suffering and societal expenditure (van So, 2009). In the earlier history of Schizophrenia treated through cryosurgery. Cryosurgery is the treatment Offs psychiatric disease through neurological treatments. While is has a controversial history it was widely used in the early to mid 19th century. One of the first accounts happened in the mid 18th century when a man named Phonies Gage was hurt at work. A tamping iron was shot through the frontal lobe while working (Creighton, 2001). While most would think this would kill a person, he gained consciousness soon after the accident. Gage went from being an intelligent well- liked man to being an angry and hostile shut in. This left the psychology field on its toes. They realized there was a disruption in his frontal lobe that affected his rationality, and that this could be duplicated in hopes of helping others. The frontal leucotomy was proposed as a potential treatment for schizophrenia because, by creating lesions in the frontal cortex, abnormal activity, presumably originating in this region, would be prevented from spreading to other areas of the brain, which could worsen the symptoms of the disease (Mathews, Wellington, Dead, Robinson, Luck, Jose, Erich, 2013). During the sass’s a procedure was developed called the closed lobotomy, however by the sass’s these practices were stopped because the surgeries caused extensive brain injuries and the pressure of the public. Schizophrenia was one of the conditions for which these treatments were used (Mathews, 2013). Then the use of antispasmodic came into effect and these practices were no longer needed. Like many other neuropsychiatry disorders, there is a typical onset age of late adolescence and early adulthood. The thinking is that this could be a critical period in brain development, which would make the person vulnerable to the onset of psychopathology. While the incidence of schizophrenia varies across environments and different migrant groups, symptoms, course, and treatment response do so as well. Genetic vulnerability is shares in part with bipolar disorder and recent molecular genetics findings indicated an overlap with developmental disorder such as autism. Doctors are using nonrecurring studies to focus on this age range, which will in turn provide helpful insight into the actual insight of the disease (Goat, Was, Taste, Wood, Panatelas, 2011) There has been evidence that patients suffering from schizophrenia end up experiencing more life events when healthy individuals. These life events could be because of the patients behavior, or totally environmental (Farrago, 2008). When looked at these events could be because of the presence of psychiatric condition. However, the quality of interaction between patient and family affects the patients relapse rate (Farrago, 2008). While a positive and loving attitude towards the patient may be productive, it is sometimes hard for a family to respond well to the illness. If the person suffers from paranoid schizophrenia then they will lash out at the family and have hallucinations involving the family. This makes it hard for the family to handle. Also, when the patient goes off meds these things get worse. There is so much stigma surrounding schizophrenia. Will the person hurt me? When are they going to go crazy? Can I catch it? Even to the point that there is a lower priority of mental health services and care received. At times there is a hard time getting good quality of staff to work in these services. Then there is the issue of finding proper housing for people who suffer from this disease, not to mention the social isolation patients feel. There is a long history of intolerance towards mental abnormality. As well as the reaction, others have towards it. This has only progressively gotten worse over the past two centuries. However this is only part of he story, mental illness has also been linked to discrimination as well. While schizophrenia affects about 1% of the world’s population, the cause is still unknown (Nines, 2010). The easiest way to combat the fear is with education. Teaching people as well as families how to handle a patient, and that they often have more lucid moments then not. Bipolar Disorder The ancient Greeks and Romans were responsible for the terms â€Å"mania† and â€Å"melancholia,† which are not the modern day manic and depressive. They discovered that using lithium salts in there baths calmed manic patients and lifted there sprits Cranks, 2012). Today, lithium is a common treatment for bipolar patients. While it is thought that many people were executed because they had a mental illness, being that religious people believed that these people were possessed by demons and should therefore be put to death (Cranks, 2012). Bipolar is most often diagnosed in young patients showing first major depressive episodes. In these cases, diagnosis normally only based on psychiatric history taken, not on the patient’s current state (Holman, Goth, WГ ¶keel, Postal, BГ ¶let, 2008). These patients also suffer with hypotonic episodes. Hypotonic episodes are characterized by a distinct period of persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable mood, lasting throughout at least 4 days and present for most of the day nearly every day. These Patients are normally diagnosed with Bipolar II (Psych Central Staff, 2013). While Bipolar, or manic- depressive disorder is a frequent, sever, mostly recurrent mood disorder it is also associated with great morbidity. The lifetime prevalence of bipolar disorder is 1. 3 to 1. 6% (Mueller-Airlessness, Forgoer, Bauer, 2002). The death rate of bipolar is two to three times higher than that of the general population. On average about 10-20% of individuals suffering from Bipolar disorder will take their own lives, with one third of patients saying they have attempted it (Mueller-Airlessness, Forgoer, Bauer, 2002). Bipolar is not a sexist disease, it does not discriminate. Except for the diagnosis of rapid-cycling, while being the most sever variant of the disease, it is more common in women (Mueller-Airlessness, Forgoer, Bauer, 2002). The peak age of onset falls between age 15 and 24 years, although there is often a 5-10- year interval before treatment is finally sought. Living with a person who has Bipolar disorder involves learning how to deal with the disruptions that their symptoms can cause, supporting that person through their recovery, and finding ways to cope with the effects on the family (Heretofore, 2013). Bipolar can really cause a strain on a family, depending on well managed the illness is (Heretofore, 2013). When the patient’s mood swings are mild, the family may experience some distress, but over time and with proper education about the illness, they can learn to manage. According to the National Institute of Mental Health, more than 5 million Americans eave bipolar disorder (Dickinson, 2007). The illness, which affects not only your own personal health and well-being but also your relationships with friends and family, can respond well to treatment (Dickinson, 2007). Stigma is debilitating for mental illnesses for any disease across the board. While the patient is struggling with the symptoms and disabilities that result from the disease, they are challenged with the stereotypes and prejudices that result from the misconceptions about mental illness (Shame, Chairmanship, Vivian, Woolworth, 2013). These people face challenges tit everyday life, Jobs, housing, health care, as well as dealing with people. Even the people that are family or caregivers have reported being stigmatize, 43 to 92% (Shame, Germans’, Vivian, Woolworth, 2013). Article Journals Summaries Facial expressions of emotions and schizophrenia: A review. Schizophrenia Bulletin This Journal explains how three studies were performed on patients with Schizophrenia. They were interested to see how patients showed a reduced ability to perceive and express facial emotions. They looked at decoding studies and their ability to perceive universally recognized facial expressions. It was found that while Schizophrenics have a harder time displaying positive facial expressions, they were able to show negative feels, such as fear. Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders in Persons Exposed to Ionizing Radiation as a Result of the Coherency Accident This study was performed on 100 workers of the Coherency EX how had worked as â€Å"Liquidators-volunteers† for 5 or more hearsay’s and 1987. This was brought about because in 1990 there was a spike in the amount of patients being diagnosed with Schizophrenia. This was compared against the general population. The thought was hat ionizing radiation may be working as an environmental trigger and causing a predisposition to schizophrenia, or cause schizophrenia-like disorders. The study says that a person exposed to 0. 30 SF or more are at a higher risk of schizophrenia spectrum disorders. A Prospective Cohort Study of Genetic and Perennial Influences in the Etiology of Schizophrenia This study was preformed to figure out whether or not fetal hypoxia and other obstetric complications are related to the risk of adults developing Schizophrenia, also to see if whether each case is specific to early onset. They used 72 patients diagnosed with schizophrenia, 63 of their siblings not diagnosed, and 7,941 non-psychiatric controls. They used longitudinal based study. They were able to find that there was an increased risk with patients that had suffered hypoxia during birth. However, there was no relationship between low birth weight and other obstetric complications. Burden of Caregivers of Patients with Bipolar Affective Disorders This study was conducted on 32 problem-oriented interviews with caregivers of patients with bipolar affective disorders, they were analyzed using content analysis. The 722 statements even about the burdens that these caregivers had were summarized into 49 global statements. The caregivers discussed how they felt helplessness when dealing with the ever-changing depressive and manic symptoms of the ill family member they were caring for. Also how they felt they suffered great burden. The findings of this study highlight that an appreciation of caregivers’ own consternation and information about how best to handle the (uncooperative) behavior of the patient should be taken into account in psycho educational groups as well as in the daily work routine of professionals. Are Working Memory Deficits in Bipolar Disorder Markers for Psychosis Doctors have found that many people suffering with bipolar disorder have been identified as having working memory deficits, however, there has been evidence that has linked this problem as being a marker for psychosis rather than affective disorder. When doing the study they looked at two groups with board, one with psychotic features, one without. With this study they were able to conclude that while some aspects of working memory performance are markers for psychosis, others were more general markers for bipolar disorders. Negative Life Events and Time to Recovery from Episodes of Bipolar Disorder While it is known that negative life events have been shown to cause relapse in patients with bipolar disorder, these doctors were looking at how severe negative life events effect the recovery time of someone with bipolar disorder. They recruited 67 individuals with bipolar disorder during hospitalizing and conducted monthly assessments for at least one year. They were able to find that patients with severe negative life effects took three times longer to recover then patients without negative life situations. Which leads us to live that psychological environment may play a much bigger role in the course of bipolar disorders then previous suggested. How to cite Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder, Papers

Microeconomics for Homogenous or Differentiated- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theMicroeconomics for Homogenous or Differentiated Product. Answer: Oligopoly market is a form of imperfectly competitive market, where only a few sellers engage in selling either homogenous or differentiated product. The structure of oligopoly market lies between pure monopoly and that of monopolistic competition. When sellers in the oligopoly market are sell homogenous product then it is called pure oligopoly (Baumol Blinder, 2015). A differentiated oligopoly is one where firms sell differentiated product. The other forms of oligopoly market include collaborating oligopoly and competing oligopoly. In the oligopoly market, before choosing decision regarding own price and output firms have the opportunity to establish pairwise collaborative links with opposition firm. The collaboration is formed with the objective of reducing production cost. The various collaborative links together form a collaboration network. The firms collaborate with other firms in order to share information regarding market condition, new technology as well as to bear the joint cost of production (Kolmar, 2017). Collaboration between firms generally strengthen the competitive position of collaborating firms. The interim collaboration thus have an important effect on function of firms in the market. In a collaborative oligopoly, when some firms have lot of links while others have a relatively few links then this forms asymmetric collaboration. Another feature of collaboration is intransitive relation. There might be a link between firm A and B, and B and C but no link between A and C. In contrast to a collaborating oligopoly, in a competing oligopoly each firms compete with their rival firms. The most common form of competition is the price competition among the rival firms. One striking feature of competing oligopoly is that the market demand is not described by the conventional demand curve (McKenzie Lee, 2016). The price rigidity in this form of market is captured by the kinked demand curve. The demand curve is kink shaped because of the asymmetric behavior pattern of different sellers. When one firm increases price then other will not follow the same as higher price leads to a reduction in market price. Every unit price increase is thus goes unnoticed by the rival sellers. The same does not hold for price decrease. When one firm reduces price, others follow the same strategy to increase its market price. This triggers a price war among rivals. If price in the oligopoly market is completely rigid, then firms do not have incentive to change its price. Firms then concentrate on non-price competition. The non-price competition occurs when firm aims to maximize its sales and revenue with strategy other than reducing price (Moulin, 2014). An alternative strategy of price competition is to spend money of advertising. By spending on advertisements firms seek to update profile of their products and increase brand loyalty. This will then help to enhance sales of the firm. Advertising plays a key role in oligopolies like cars and soft drinks. Firm can alternatively introduce a loyalty card to its customers to provide a greater assurance to the buyers. Firms in the oligopoly market can differentiate their product from its rival to increase their revenue and sales. The various ways to differentiate product include improvement in product or service quality, add some extra features to its product and other. The antitrust system has always faced problem with oligopolistic market structure. The difficulties lies in the inherent structure of the market. In real world, the oligopoly market is more common than pure monopoly. Here, a few large firms dominate the industry with perfect legitimacy. A successful business that is running profitable business operation continues to grow overtime and expand its size (Cowen Tabarrok, 2015). The oligopolistic sellers always seeks opportunities for anti-competitive business. Consider for example if few large firms dominate the copper industry then their independent strategy determines the price of copper in the industry. Now, if the firms decide to collude and takes joint decision of setting a high price with supplying a relatively small industry output then this violates the Sherman Antitrust act. The earned profit is then divided by the firms in collusion each earning significantly higher profit margin. By forming cartel or any other form of collisio n thus these firms eliminate market competition, which is illegal (Carlton Perloff, 2015). The implementation of antitrust laws thus become necessary in the oligopoly market to prevent such collision and anti-competitive behavior. Oligopoly market is characterized by dominance of few large firms. Depending on the nature of product oligopoly market is of two types- pure oligopoly and differentiated oligopoly. In collaborative oligopoly two or more firms build a collaborative link to strengthen their position in the market. Both price and non-price competition occur in the oligopoly market. The price competition often triggers a price war in the market. Lastly, firms in the oligopoly market has a tendency to violate antitrust law by forming cartel or collision. References Baumol, W. J., Blinder, A. S. (2015).Microeconomics: Principles and policy. Cengage Learning. Kolmar, M. (2017). Firm Behavior in Oligopolistic Markets. InPrinciples of Microeconomics(pp. 281-300). Springer, Cham. McKenzie, R. B., Lee, D. R. (2016).Microeconomics for MBAs. Cambridge University Press. Moulin, H. (2014).Cooperative microeconomics: a game-theoretic introduction. Princeton University Press. Cowen, T., Tabarrok, A. (2015).Modern Principles of Microeconomics. Palgrave Macmillan. Carlton, D. W., Perloff, J. M. (2015).Modern industrial organization. Pearson Higher Ed.